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How to avert a global water crisis

What is causing the crisis?

Agriculture is the biggest user of fresh water, making up 70–90% of the annual water demand for many countries. This will have to change, because global food production is going to have to double over the next 40 years to meet the needs of a growing population. Farmers will have to increase production without using any more water than they do today. If all the water in a river is used by agriculture and industry, leaving nothing for the aquatic environment, fish and plants won't be able to survive, and the river will die.

How can we change the way we use and manage water?

The water-management institutions and governance models for many nations were developed when water was plentiful. Developing countries, such as India, have traditionally used surface-irrigation systems, which use gravity to distribute water over the soil surface. But these systems are no longer adequate, and farmers are now using up groundwater supplies to irrigate their land. Governments are not regulating groundwater extraction properly, and the water tables in many regions are declining. Governments need to introduce polices that allocate water to agriculture and industry, and that will enable them to reduce those allocations when supplies become scarce or demand from other sectors increases.

So what is the hold up?

We need better data on how much water there actually is, and how demand and supply are changing. Only with those data can we make sound decisions on how to manage resources, forecast flood risks and understand variations in seasonal flow. Following the privatization of water resources during the 1980s, many countries in the West now have inadequate data because the corporate water managers cut back on information gathering and monitoring to save money. In developing countries, the problem is even greater because they never had the funds to invest in monitoring.

But there is hope on the horizon. In 3–5 years we will be able to use remote-sensing technologies such as satellites to measure and monitor water resources.

Can we prevent a catastrophe?

I don't think we will reach crisis point, because we will put in place technological solutions to help close the gap between supply and demand. For example, farmers in developing countries could save water by using sprinklers on the surface of fields to irrigate crops, rather than using up groundwater supplies or relying on surface irrigation, which wastes a lot of water.

Waste water recycling also has an important role, but safe practices need to be developed. For example, industrial and domestic discharges should be separated and the water-supply and sanitation sectors should work more closely together. 

Chinese incursions no increase : Army chief

Seeking to downplay reports of Chinese incursions into Indian territory, Army chief Gen Deepak Kapoor today said there was no increase in the number of such incidents as compared to last year.

"There is no cause for worry or concern", Gen Kapoor told reporters here, noting that Prime Minister Manmohan Singh had made a statement on Chinese incursions.

"The Prime Minister has made a statement yesterday that there has not been any more incursions or transgressions as compared to last year. They are almost at the same level," he said asking the media not to over hype the matter.

Singh yesterday appeared to play down reports of Chinese incursions and said was he in touch with the highest levels in China.

Our Air force strength is one third of China: IAF chief

India's air force is just a third the size of rival China's and far short of the aircraft required to meet the security challenges it

faces, the country's air force chief said Wednesday.

"Our present aircraft strength is inadequate. Aircraft strength is one third that of China," said Air Chief Marshal PV Naik was quoted by a news website on Wednesday.

"The government of India is doing a lot to augment air force capability," he said in a speech in Gandhinagar, capital of India's western Gujarat state.

The comments come against the backdrop of media reports about Chinese army and air "incursions" into India in the past several weeks that have been denied by both New Delhi and Beijing.

The Asian giants and economic rivals have yet to agree on their more than 4,000 kilometre (2,480 mile) border, the dispute over which dates back to a brief but bitter conflict in 1962 that exposed India's military vulnerability.

India says China occupies 38,000 square kilometres (14,670 square miles) of its territory, while Beijing claims 90,000 square kilometres or the whole of the northeastern Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh.

Naik said there were two ways to counter China's reported incursions.

"One way is to take up weapons and go to the border. The other way is to build systematic weapons capability to tackle the threat," he said.

Naik's remarks follow similar ones by former navy chief Sureesh Mehta, who last month said India could not compete with China on defence spending and warned Beijing was "creating formidable military capabilities".

India has begun trials of the world's leading fighter jets as it prepares to place an order for 126 planes in a contract worth $12 billion.

china govt to react climate change

Chinese President Hu Jintao told a United Nations climate summit that China would cut carbon dioxide emissions per unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by "a notable margin" in the decade to 2020. it is not the first time China has put forward actions to combat the challenges climate change poses to the world. So what has China done to address the problem in the past?

basic facts about China's stance -- based on its chief climate change negotiator Xie Zhenhua's address to the National People's Congress Standing Committee, the country's top legislature, on Aug. 24, are:

Strengthening of laws and regulations and international treaties: China has adopted a series of new laws concerning environment and climate change issues, including the Renewable Energy Law, Energy Conservation Law, Cleaner Production Promotion Law, Forest Law, Grassland Law and the Circular Economy Promotion Law.

China ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992 and the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, and has since fulfilled its obligations and actively carried out cooperation on clean development mechanism (CDM) projects.

Political moves: China published its National Climate Change Program in June, 2007, pledging a 20-percent reduction of energy consumption per unit gross domestic product (GDP) by 2010 on the basis of 2005 figures.

In the same year, China established the National Leading Group to Address Climate Change, headed by Premier Wen Jiabao. The group is responsible for deliberating and determining key national strategies, guidelines and measures on climate change, as well as coordinating and resolving key issues related to climate change. Apanel of experts was set up to provide consultation.

Province-level governments have also set up institutions to enhance local responses to climate change, and formulated climate change programs.

-- Cutting greenhouse gases emissions: China has adopted a series of policies and measures, including restructuring the economy by curbing high energy cost projects and accelerating the service industry, optimizing its energy mix by developing hydro, nuclear and other clean energies, as well as a national forestation campaign to cut down greenhouse gas emissions.

-- Building up research and development capacities: China has continually increased input in climate change research, ranging from monitoring the global environment to climate change evaluations.

It has also strengthened development and promotion of key environmentally friendly technologies, such as new energy vehicles, energy conservation technologies, renewable energies, nuclear energy and circular economy technologies.

-- Educating public on climate care: China has intensified its efforts to promote education and public awareness on climate change via a variety of means including radio, TV, the Internet, and various publications.

In 2008, the White Paper on China's policies and Actions on Climate Change was published. It offers a general view of policy and achievement addressing climate change.

ISRO India launch Oceansat-2

Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh congratulated scientists of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for the successful launch of the Oceansat-2 satellite, saying it would "herald a new beginning in our understanding of the oceans". "I am delighted to learn that the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle-C14 (PSLV-C14) launched from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, SHAR, Sriharikota has successfully launched India's Oceansat-2 satellite and six nano satellites from European Universities and agencies," he said in a message.

"PSLV has once again demonstrated its versatility and reliability through this fifteenth successful launch in a row. The Oceansat-2 satellite will herald a new beginning in our understanding of the oceans," the prime minister added. Designed to last five years, the cuboid shaped Oceansat-2 will study the oceans' interactions with the atmosphere. Oceansat-2 will be used for identifying potential fishing zones, sea-state forecasting, coastal zone studies, weather forecasting and climate studies.

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